翻閱Passage40原文

    1）It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced. For example, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up their femininity. 2）Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex… into public industry.” Observers thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanization’s effects, but they agreed that it would transform women’s lives.

    Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now seriously question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic changes in women’s economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women’s work. The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of “dead-end” jobs, thenceforth considered“women’s work”. 3）The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.

[FS:PAGE]    Women’s work has changed considerably in the past 200 years, moving from the household to the office or the factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar instead of blue-collar work. 4）Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the industrial revolution: the segregation of occupations by sex, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women’s household labor remains demanding. Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home.

    翻閱passage40長難句分析

    人們經常這樣設想(assume)，工作的機械化(mechanization)對操作(operate)新機器者的生活產生了革命性的(revolutionary)影響(effect)，并且對引進(introduce)機械化生產模式的社會(society)也產生了革命性的影響。比如，有人暗示，工業(yè)部門雇傭(employment)范疇(sphere)，從根本上改變(alter)了她們在社會上的地位(position)。19世紀，當女性開始進入(enter)工廠時，法國政治家朱利斯-西蒙就警告說，通過進工廠工作，女性會拋棄她們的女性氣質。不過弗雷德里奇-恩格斯預言(predict)，“技術的(technological)進步(development)會把女性從社會的(social)、法定的(legal)以及家庭中的經濟(economic)從屬(subordination)地位中解放(liberate)出來，使雇傭所有女性進入公共(public)產業(yè)成為可能。”因此，在有關(concern)機械化效應的社會期望(desirability)問題上，觀察人士的意見并不一致(differ)，但是，她們一致認為(agree)，機械化會改變(transform)女性的生活。

    如今，歷史學家，特別是哪些研究(investigate)女性史的歷史學家，對這種轉換(transform)力量的設想(assumption)提出了嚴肅的質疑(question)。她們總結說(conclude)，像多軸紡紗機、縫紉機、打字機以及真空吸塵器這些引人注目的(dramatic)技術革新(innovation)并沒有導致(result in)女性的經濟地位或女性工作的流行(prevailing)評價(evaluation)產生同樣引人注目的社會變化。工業(yè)(industrial)革命(revolution)時期，紡紗廠(mill)雇用年輕女性，這在很大程度上是雇傭年輕的誕生女性當傭人的一種更古老模式(pattern)的延伸(extension)。這不是辦公室技術(technology)上的變革，而是文秘(secretarial)工作的分離(separation)——以前，文秘工作被當做初級經歷的實習(apprenticeship)工作，是從管理(administrative)工作中的分離——這種工作在19世紀80年代創(chuàng)造(create)了一種新的“無前途”工作，從那時起，這種工作被認為(consider)是“這跟家務勞動(housework)機械化以及這些女性的休閑(leisure)時間增多沒有什么關系，它跟女性的經濟需要(necessity)以及高結婚率(rate)有關系——高結婚率減少(shrink)了可用的單身女性工人的人數(shù)，以前，在許多情況下，單身女性才是雇主(employer)愿意雇傭(hire)的女性。

    過去兩百年中，女性的工作發(fā)生了很大的變化，她們 家庭，到辦公室或工廠工作，后來，她們多辦成了白領而不是藍領階層。然而，從根本上來說，自工業(yè)革命前以來，女性的工作環(huán)境(condition)幾乎沒有什么改變——工作中根據性別(gender)實行的隔離、女性整體更低的工資、從事的工作技能(skill)要求(require)較低、幾乎沒有給予女性升遷(advancement)的機會(opportunity)等這些情況都依然存在(persist)，但是，社會仍然(remain)苛求(demand)女性從事家務勞動。最近進行的調查(investigation)導致(lead to)人們對這種觀念(notion)作了較大的(major)更正(revision)——從其對社會產生的影響來說，技術在本質上總是革命性的。機械化甚至可能減緩了女性在勞動力(labor)市場(market)和家庭中傳統(tǒng)地位的任何變化。

    翻閱passage39長難句分析

    1)It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced.

    【解析】主句：it is assumed that。it是形式主語，真正的主語是that引導的從句，其中有一個由who引導的定語從句，修飾the lives，還有一個由into which 引導的定語從句，修飾the society。

    【參考譯文】人們經常這樣設想，工作的機械化對操作新機器的生活產生了革命性的影響，并且對引進機器的社會也產生了革命性的影響。

    2)Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex… into public industry.”

    【解析】主句是Fredrich Engels predicted that...，however是插入語，第一個that引導的賓語從句;第二個that引導的是定語從句，修飾developments，其中有一個make+賓語+形容詞結構，由于the recruitment of the who female sex into public industry太長，所以只能放在possible之后。subordination應譯為從屬地位;recruitment應譯為征募。

    【參考譯文】不過，弗雷德里奇-恩格斯預言，“技術的進步會把女性從社會的、法定的以及家庭中的經濟從屬地位中解放出來，使雇傭所有女性進入公共產業(yè)成為可能。

    3)The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.

    【解析】主句“The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with...”。分詞短語“employed outside the home”修飾married women”. than引導的是比較賺語從句，其中有一個由and鏈接的并列賓語，一個由that引導的定語從句，修飾rates; previously之后的成分是在補充說明single women workers,其中有一個省略了引導詞的定語從句，修飾women。have little to do with“與....沒有什么關系”。

    【參考譯文】20世紀，被雇傭在家庭之外工作的已婚女性人數(shù)增加，這跟家務勞動機械化以及這些女性的休閑時間增多沒有說明關系，它跟女性的經濟需要以及高結婚率有關系——高結婚率減少了可用的誕生女性工人的人數(shù)，以前，在許多情況下，單身女性才是雇主愿意雇傭的女性。

    4)Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the industrial revolution: the segregation of occupations by sex, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women’s household labor remains demanding.

    【解析】主句the conditions under which women work have changed little 。“under which”引導的定語從句修飾“conditions”;“since”引導的是轉折關系句子。segregation譯為“隔離”。

    【參考譯文】然而，從根本上來說，自工業(yè)革命前以來，女性的工作環(huán)境幾乎沒有什么改變——工作中根據性別實行的隔離、女性整體更低的工資、從事的工作技能要求較低、幾乎沒有給予女性省錢的機會等這些情況都依然存在，但是，社會仍然苛求女性從事家務勞動。